New york stock exchange

Notable events

The Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) exceeded 100 on January 12, 1906, followed by the Panic of 1907.

The exchange was closed shortly after the beginning of World War I (July 31, 1914), but it partially re-opened on November 28 of that year in order to help the war effort by trading bonds, and completely reopened for stock trading in mid-December.

Bombing on Wall Street, 1920

On September 16, 1920, a bomb exploded on Wall Street close to the NYSE building, killing 33 people and injuring more than 400. The NYSE building and some buildings nearby, such as the JPMorgan Chase building, still have marks on their facades caused by the bombing.

A solemn crowd gathers outside the Stock Exchange after the crash. 1929.

The Black Thursday crash of the Exchange on October 24, 1929, and the sell-off panic which started on Black Tuesday, October 29, are often blamed for precipitating the Great Depression of 1929. In an effort to try to restore investor confidence, the Exchange unveiled a 15-point program aimed to upgrade protection for the investing public on October 31, 1938.

On October 1, 1934, the exchange was registered as a national-securities exchange with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, with a president and a 33-member board.

On August 24, 1967, Abbie Hoffman led members of the Yippie movement to the Exchange gallery in a protest. The protesters threw fistfuls of dollars down to the traders below. Since that incident, the Exchange spent $20,000 to enclose the gallery with bulletproof glass.

In 1970, the Securities Investor Protection Corporation was established.

On February 18, 1971 the NYSE was recognized as not-for-profit organization, and the number of board members was reduced to 25.

On October 19, 1987, the DJIA dropped 508 points, a 22.6 percent loss in a single day, prompting officials at the exchange to invoke the «circuit breaker» rule to halt all trading. This was a controversial move and led to a quick change in the rule; with trading now halting for an hour, two hours, or the rest of the day when the DJIA drops 10, 20, or 30 percent, respectively. In the afternoon, the 10-percent and 20-percent drops halt trading for a shorter period of time, but a 30-percent drop always closes the exchange for the day. The rationale behind the trading halt was to give investors a chance to reevaluate their positions and stabilize trading.

There was a panic on October 27, 1997 with a fall of 7.2 percent in value (554.26 points) prompted by falls in Asian markets, from which the NYSE recovered quickly.

Security after the September 11 attacks

The NYSE was closed from September 11 until September 17, 2001, as a result of the September 11 attacks.

On September 17, 2003, NYSE chairman and chief executive Richard Grasso stepped down as a result of controversy concerning the size of his deferred-compensation package. He was replaced as CEO by John S. Reed, the former chairman of Citigroup.

The NYSE announced plans to acquire Archipelago in 2005, in a deal that reorganized the NYSE as a publicly traded, for-profit company. It began trading under the name NYSE Group on March 8, 2006.

On April 4, 2007, the NYSE Group completed a merger with Euronext, the European combined stock market, thus forming the NYSE Euronext, the first transatlantic stock exchange.

In January, 2008 NYSE Euronext announced it would acquire the American Stock Exchange. This acquisition was completed on October 1, 2008.

On September 15, 2008, also known as «Ugly Monday,» the DJIA lost more than 500 points amid fears of bank failures, resulting in a permanent prohibition of naked short-selling and a three-week temporary ban on all short selling of financial stocks. As the global financial crisis erupted, trading on the NYSE experienced some of the greatest volatility in its history. Monday, September 29 brought a point drop on the Dow of 777.68, almost seven percent. On Friday, October 10 stock markets crashed across Europe and Asia. Within the first five minutes of the trading session on Wall Street, the DJIA plunged 697 points, falling below 7900 to its lowest level since March 17, 2003, and continuing to make violent swings throughout the day. Trading on the NYSE closed with the Dow at 8,451, down 1,874 points, or 18 percent for the week, and after eight days of losses, 40 percent down from its record high on October 9, 2007.

On February 15, 2011 it was announced that Deutsche Boerse and NYSE Euronext would combine to create the world’s premier global exchange group. According to Reto Francioni, Chief Executive Officer of Deutsche Boerse,

Возникновение и развитие Лондонской биржи

Официальной датой основания Лондонской фондовой биржи считается 1801 г., когда она стала первой строго регламентированной биржей в мире после серьезной реорганизации и введения новых правил торговли. Свою историю она начала еще в середине 16 в., когда приехавший в Англию голландец Томас Грешем предложил королеве построить специальное здание для проведения сделок по аналогии с первыми биржами в Бельгии и Голландии.

В 1571 г. с помощью правительства Великобритании и местных купцов была открыта биржа, на которой заключались сделки на куплю-продажу товаров. Через 100 лет большая торговая галерея биржи предоставляла частным лицам 200 помещений для аренды, в подвалах хранились товары: овечья шерсть, соль, порох, спички, цветы и др.

В 1695 г. биржа начинала проводить операции с государственными и корпоративными ценными бумагами. В 1698 г. игроки фондового рынка по разным причинам отделились от официальной Королевской биржи и переехали в другие неспециализированные здания. В этом году они впервые начали выпускать прайс-листы на торгуемые ценные бумаги. Здесь зародились термины «быки» и «медведи».

Историки называют несколько возможных причин разделения бирж:

1. на Королевскую биржу допускались только представители знати, безродным торговцам приходилось собираться в других местах;
2. введение обязательного лицензирования участников и крупных штрафов за неисполнение этого требования;
3. слишком шумные биржевые сессии брокеров во время фондовой торговли

В 1801 г. торговцы фондовой площадки самостоятельно, объединившись в профессиональное общество, построили и открыли здание своей биржи. На ней могли торговать только зарегистрированные участники, подчинявшиеся жестким правилам. Тогда же был введен первый тикер – код для обозначения акций. В 1812 г. был принят устав биржи, определивший ее деятельность на весь 19 в. Активность наблюдалась в операциях с бумагами железнодорожных и пароходных компаний. В 1876 г. все участники стали акционерами биржи.

После первой мировой войны британская биржа уступила преимущество американским. Но после второй мировой она стала центром финансовой активности Европы, демонстрируя стабильность и надежность. Этому способствовала и полная самоуправляемость современной биржи после ликвидации в 1986 г. государственного контроля над операциями. С этого периода резко возросла фондовая активность национальных и иностранных компаний, происходит все более полный переход к электронным торгам.

Новейшая жизнь Лондонской фондовой биржи в 21 веке отмечена рядом крупных слияний и приобретений:

1. 2007 г.: объединение с Borsa Italiana и образование самой крупной диверсифицированной группы London Stock Exchange Group (LSEG);
2. 2008 г.: стратегическое партнерство с Oslo Børs, включая предоставление торговых услуг своим акциям, рынкам фиксированных доходов и деривативов;
3. 2009 г.: приобретение индийской компании MillenniumIT, ведущего поставщика технологических решений, обслуживающих глобальные рынки капитала;
4. 2009 г.: приобретение контрольного пакета акций Turquoise и запуск общеевропейского торгового партнерства с глобальными инвестиционными банками;
5. 2011 г.: Европейский центральный банк одобряет крупнейший и единственный Центральный депозитарий ценных бумаг в еврозоне «MonteTitoli» для участия в первой волне реализации Target2-Securities;
6. 2012 г.: приобретение контрольного пакета акций LCH Clearnet Group Limited;
7. 2013 г.: покупка мажоритарной доли в итальянско-британской технологической фирмы Gatelab;
8. 2013 г.: объединение FTSE Group и TMX Group с фиксированным доходом в новом предприятии FTSE TMX Global Debt Capital Markets
9. 2014 г.: покупка Frank Russell и др.

Stock Exchanges Around the World

Key Takeaways

• Stock exchanges are trading places to buy and sell stock.
• They are as likely to be in a physical space as an electronic one given the proliferation of electronic trading.
• Companies may use an exchange to raise capital in the secondary market through an IPO.
• Globalization means a trade made in New York could be with a buyer in Zurich.

Trading

NYSE’s stock exchange traders floor before the introduction of electronic readouts and computer screens

The trading floor of the New York Stock Exchange (sometimes referred to as «the Big Board») provides a means for buyers and sellers to trade shares of stock in companies registered for public trading. To be listed on the NYSE a corporation must meet specified criteria. The NYSE is open for trading Monday through Friday between 9:30 a.m. to 4:00 p.m. Eastern Time (ET), with the exception of holidays declared by the Exchange in advance.

On the trading floor, the NYSE trades in a continuous-auction format, where traders can execute stock transactions on behalf of investors. They gather around the appropriate post where a specialist broker, who is employed by a NYSE member firm (that is, he/she is not an employee of the New York Stock Exchange), acts as an auctioneer in an open-outcry, auction-market environment to bring buyers and sellers together and to manage the actual auction. They do on occasion (approximately 10 percent of the time) facilitate the trades by committing their own capital and, as a matter of course, disseminate information to the crowd that helps to bring buyers and sellers together.

Until 2007, the right to directly trade shares on the exchange was conferred upon owners of the 1366 «seats.» The term comes from the fact that up until the 1870s NYSE members sat in chairs to trade. In 1868, the number of seats was fixed at 533, and this number was increased several times over the years. In 1953, the number was limited to 1366 seats. These seats were a sought-after commodity as they conferred the ability to directly trade stock on the NYSE. Seat prices varied widely over the years, generally falling during recessions and rising during economic expansions. The most expensive inflation-adjusted seat was sold in 1929 for $625,000, which, today, would be over $6 million. Seats sold for as high as $4 million in the late 1990s and $1 million in 2001. In 2005, seat prices increased to $3.25 million as the exchange was set to merge with Archipelago and become a for-profit, publicly traded company. Seat owners received $500,000 cash per seat and 77,000 shares of the newly formed corporation. The NYSE now sells one-year licenses to trade directly on the exchange.

Since January 24, 2007, all NYSE stocks can be traded via its electronic hybrid market (except for a small group of very high-priced stocks). Customers can now send orders for immediate electronic execution, or route orders to the floor for trade in the auction market.

The bell

U.S. Secretary of Commerce Donald L. Evans rings the opening bell at the NYSE on April 23, 2003. Former chairman Richard Grasso is also in this picture.

One of the most familiar features of the NYSE is its distinctive bell that rings on the trading floor to signal the start and end of trading each business day. It is considered an honor to be invited to ring the bell to open or close trading for the day.

Originally trading times were signaled by a Chinese gong, but brass bells were introduced when the NYSE moved to its current location in 1903. There is one large bell, measuring 18 inches (460 mm) in diameter, in each of the four trading areas of the NYSE. They are operated synchronously from a single control.

Trading landmarks

The First Stock Ticker was employed in 1867.

In 1915, the market price was given in dollars.

In 1943, the trading floor was opened to women.

In the mid-1960s, the NYSE Composite Index was created, with a base value of 50 points equal to the 1965 yearly close. This index reflects the value of all stocks trading at the exchange instead of just the 30 stocks included in the Dow Jones Industrial Average.

The NYSE at Christmas time (December 2008)

The NYSE created the Common Stock Index in 1966, and floor data were fully automated.

Foreign brokers were admitted to NYSE in 1977.

The New York Futures Exchange began in 1979.

A real-time ticker was introduced at the Market in 1996.

Trading in fractions (n/16) ended in 2001, and was replaced by decimals (increments of $.01).

In 2003, the NYSE Composite Index was relaunched using revised methodology and a new base value of 5,000 points equal to the 2002 yearly close.

In 2005, NYSE Hybrid Market was launched, creating a blend of auction and electronic trading. On December 30, 2005, in anticipation of the NYSE’s transformation into a publicly held company, member seat sales officially ended, replaced by the sale of annual trading licenses.

Japan Exchange Group

The Japan Exchange Group, Inc. is a Japanese financial services company created through the merger of the Tokyo Stock Exchange Group, Inc and the Osaka Securities Exchange. It is the largest stock exchange (by market capitalization) in Asia, and it’s headquartered at Kabutochō, Chūō, Tokyo, Japan.

As of March 2018, there were about 3,687 companies listed on the exchange, and the total market capitalization is about $5.7 trillion. The average trading volume per month is $481 billion. Each trading day, the market opens by 9:00 a.m. and closes by 3:00 p.m. local time, with an hour lunch break between 11:30 a.m. to 12:30 p.m.

The Bottom Line

Every stock must list on an exchange where buyers and sellers meet. The two big U.S. exchanges are the NYSE and the Nasdaq. Companies listed on either of these exchanges must meet various minimum requirements and baseline rules concerning the «independence» of their boards.

But these are by no means the only legitimate exchanges. Electronic communication networks are relatively new, but they are sure to grab a bigger slice of the transaction pie in the future. Finally, the OTC market is a fine place for experienced investors with an itch to speculate and the know-how to conduct a little extra due diligence.

Different Types of Stock Exchanges

There are a variety of different ways to organize the trading that happens on a stock exchange, including:

Auction Markets

Much as its name implies, in an auction market, the price of securities is determined by the highest price buyers are willing to pay for them—that’s called a bid—and the lowest price the seller is willing to accept—that’s the offer. In an auction market, broker-dealers make bids and offers and then execute trades for their clients (or selves, if they’re acting as a dealer).

Dealer Markets

In a dealer market, dealers post the prices at which they are willing to buy or sell specific stocks. Dealers then facilitate all transactions by using their own money to buy and sell the securities, which provides liquidity to the stock market.

In other words, in a dealer market, a dealer might buy a stock from you at a certain price, even without having a particular buyer in mind to sell your stock to. Because you don’t have to wait for a buyer to get your money, you’re then free to buy other securities from the dealer or use that cash in any other way.

Electronic Exchanges

Instead of requiring brokers to sell on a trading floor, electronic exchanges use technology to connect buyers and sellers in a virtual marketplace. Today, nearly all stock exchanges support electronic trading, and very few still have in-person trading floors.

The automated electronic communication networks (ECNs) most electronic exchanges use enable the buy and sell orders for stocks and other securities to be made without market makers. In the United States, ECNs need to be registered with the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA) as broker-dealers.

OTC Exchanges

Over-the-counter exchanges enable securities to be bought or sold outside of major stock exchanges, generally through broker-dealer networks. Typically, stocks that are traded OTC are smaller companies that don’t meet the listing requirements of the major stock exchanges, like penny stocks. Bonds may also be traded OTC.

How the New York Stock Exchange Works

Located on Wall Street in New York City, the NYSE—also known as the «Big Board»—is made up of 21 rooms that are used to facilitate trading. The main building, located at 18 Broad Street, and the one at 11 Wall Street, were both designated historical landmarks in 1978. The NYSE is the world’s largest stock exchange by market capitalization, estimated to be $28.5 trillion as of June 30, 2018. 

The NYSE relied for many years on floor trading only, using the open outcry system. Many NYSE trades have transitioned to electronic systems, but floor traders are still used to set pricing and deal in high-volume institutional trading. 

Currently, the NYSE is open for trading Monday through Friday from 9:30 a.m. to 4:00 p.m. ET. The stock exchange is closed on all federal holidays. When federal holidays fall on a Saturday, the NYSE is sometimes closed the preceding Friday. When the federal holiday falls on a Sunday, the NYSE may be closed the following Monday.

The NYSE’s Opening and Closing Bells

The opening and closing bells of the exchange mark the beginning and end of the trading day. The opening bell is rung at 9:30 a.m. ET and at 4:00 p.m. ET the closing bell is rung—closing trading for the day. Each of the four main sections of the NYSE has bells that ring simultaneously when a button is pressed. But trading days did not always begin and end with a bell—the original signal was actually a gavel. During the late 1800s, the NYSE changed the gavel to a gong. The bell became the official signal for the exchange in 1903 when the NYSE moved to 18 Broad Street. 

Prior to 1995, the bells were rung by the exchange’s floor managers. But the NYSE began inviting company executives to ring the opening and closing bells on a regular basis, which later became a daily event. The executives are from companies listed on the exchange, who sometimes coordinate their appearances with marketing events, such as the launch of a new product or innovation, or a merger or acquisition. Sometimes, the bells are rung by other public figures, including athletes and celebrities. Some of the more notable figures include singer/actor Liza Minnelli, Olympic medalist Michael Phelps and rapper Snoop Dogg.   In July 2013, United Nations Secretary Ban Ki-moon rang the closing bell to mark the NYSE joining the U.N. Sustainable Stock Exchanges Initiative. 

The New York Stock Exchange passed the milestone of one million shares traded in a single day in 1886. In 1987, 500 million shares were changing hands on the NYSE during a normal business day; by 1997, one billion shares were traded daily on the NYSE.

Нью-Йоркская биржа сегодня

В XXI веке NYSE остается № 1 в мире. В 2006 г. произошло слияние Нью-Йоркской с электронной биржей Archipelago Holdings и образование NYSE Group, которая выпустила собственные акции.

В 2007 г. NYSE выходит на европейский рынок и объединяется с Euronext, создается NYSE Euronext. Но уже в 2012 г. эту объединенную межконтинентальную корпорацию поглощает международная сеть ICE.

Сегодня Нью-Йоркская биржа ведет торги, в основном онлайн. Офис с брокерами по-прежнему существует, но в нем больше нет толпы возбужденных людей, которые что-то кричат и рвут на себе волосы. Главная функция – это обеспечение справедливых торгов различными инструментами для перераспределения финансовых ресурсов в экономике.

NYSE сегодня – это:

1. Абсолютная прозрачность сделок. Через приложения можно отслеживать действия трейдеров.
2. Строгий контроль. Главный контролирующий орган в лице Комиссии по ценным бумагам и биржам.
3. Защита инвестора. Обязательное страхование брокерских счетов.
4. Высокий уровень информатизации. Торговля может вестись практически круглосуточно, а сделки заключаются за доли секунды.
5. Автоматическое выключение. Для снижения риска обвала котировок разработана система, когда торги прекращаются на короткое время, чтобы инвесторы смогли обдумать ситуацию и принять более взвешенное решение.

Время работы: с понедельника по пятницу с 9:30 до 16:00 (время Нью-Йорка). По московскому – с 16:30 до 23:00. Не работает 9 дней в году. Конкретные нерабочие дни на 3 года вперед можно посмотреть на официальном сайте nyse.com.

В состав Нью-Йоркской биржи входят следующие торговые площадки:

• NYSE – основная биржевая площадка;
• NYSE American – торговля компаниями малой капитализации;
• NYSE Arca Equites – торговля ETF;
• NYSE American Options – торговля опционами на акции малой капитализации;
• NYSE Arca Options – торговля опционами на ETF;
• NYSE Bonds – торговля облигациями.

На Нью-Йоркской бирже торгуется более 4 тысяч компаний, преимущественно американских. По всему миру известны такие имена, как AT&T, Boeing, Coca-Cola, General Electric, Johnson & Johnson, McDonald’s, Microsoft, Walt Disney и др. Топ-10 компаний по капитализации на изображении ниже.

Ценные бумаги иностранных компаний тоже могут попасть в листинг, если будут соответствовать требованиям:

1. Доход за последний год – не ниже 2,7 млн $.
2. Прибыль за 2 предыдущих года – не ниже 3 млн $.
3. Минимальное количество акций в публичном владении – 1,1 млн $. Минимум 2 000 акционеров должны иметь по 100 и более акций.
4. Чистая стоимость материальных активов – от 18 млн $.
5. За последние полгода средний объем торгов в месяц не должен опускаться ниже 100 тыс. $.

Акции российских компаний представлены на NYSE в виде депозитарных расписок. В 2021 г. это МТС и Мечел.

Инвестиционный ликбез

Депозитарная расписка – это ценная бумага, которая закрепляет право на владение акцией или облигацией, торгуемой на иностранной бирже. Смысл введения таких бумаг в том, чтобы инвесторы смогли купить акцию российской компании, которая торгуется на Московской бирже. При этом американские инвесторы покупают их на своей родной бирже. Россиянин тоже может купить, например, акции МТС на Мосбирже и депозитарную расписку МТС на NYSE.

What Is the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE)?

The New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) is a stock exchange located in New York City that is the largest equities-based exchange in the world, based on the total market capitalization of its listed securities. Formerly run as a private organization, the NYSE became a public entity on March 8, 2006, following the acquisition of electronic trading exchange Archipelago. In 2007, a merger with Euronext, the largest stock exchange in Europe, led to the creation of NYSE Euronext, which was later acquired by Intercontinental Exchange, the current parent of the New York Stock Exchange. 

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New York Stock Exchange (NYSE)

• The New York Stock Exchange (NYSE), which dates back to 1792, is the largest stock exchange in the world based on the total market capitalization of its listed securities.
• Many of the oldest publicly traded U.S. companies are listed on the Big Board, the nickname for the NYSE.
• The Intercontinental Exchange now owns the NYSE, having purchased the exchange in 2013.

What is the Stock Exchange?

The stock exchange in India serves as a market where financial instruments like stocks, bonds and commodities are traded.

It is a platform where buyers and sellers come together to trade financial tools during specific hours of any business day while adhering to SEBI’s well-defined guidelines. However, only those companies who are listed in a stock exchange are allowed to trade in it.

Stocks which are not listed on a reputed stock exchange can still be traded in an ‘Over The Counter Market’. But such shares would not be held high in esteem in the stock exchange market.

How does it work?

Mostly, a stock exchange in India works independently as no ‘market makers’ or ‘specialists’ are present in them.

The entire process of trading in stock exchange in India is order-driven and is conducted over an electronic limit order book.

In such a set-up, orders are automatically matched with the help of the trading computer. It functions to match investors’ market orders with the most suitable limit orders.

The major benefit of such an order-driven market is that it facilitates transparency in transactions by displaying all market orders publicly.

Investing in stocks is now super simple

• Free Demat

  account

• ₹20 per trade

  or 0.05% (whichever is lower)

• Zero AMC

  charges

OPEN DEMAT ACCOUNT

Brokers play a vital role in the trading system of the stock exchange market, as all orders are placed through them.

Both institutional investors and retail customers can avail the benefits associated with direct market access or DMA. By using the trading terminals provided by stock exchange market brokers, investors can place their orders directly into the trading system.

Regional Stock Exchanges Overseas

Similar to the United States, other nations also have national exchanges. The London Stock Exchange (LSE) and the Tokyo Stock Exchange (TSE) are examples of foreign national exchanges. These countries may also have regional stock exchanges. For example, the U.K. has The International Stock Exchange on the Channel Islands and the Eastern Caribbean Securities Exchange, which covers British territories in the Caribbean.

Regional stock exchanges abroad may also function as the primary exchange for a group of closely situated countries. For example, the Bourse Régionale des Valeurs Mobilières SA (BRVM) is a regional stock exchange that serves Côte D’Ivoire, Senegal, Niger and five other West African countries.

What is trades table?

Trades table displays the below information of the latest trades published for a particular security/instrument;

• Date
• Time
• Price
• Currency
• Volume
• Trade value
• Trade type
• Trade flag
• MIC

Trades table under Trade recap tab allows you to filter the last 5 trades, 10 trades, 20 trades, 50 trades and all the trades published within the day for a particular security/instrument.London Stock Exchange publishes the following types of trades:

To access a full list of trade types, please refer to  Guide to the Trading System (MIT201) and the Millennium Exchange and TradEcho Business Parameters.

Following the introduction of MiFID II, London Stock Exchange publishes the following flags for all trading:

History of Regional Stock Exchanges

The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) formed as part of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. At the founding of the SEC, there were 24 SEC-registered exchanges. Nineteen more received a temporary exemption from registration. In 1934, major regional stock exchanges existed across the United States, including the Boston exchange, Philadelphia Stock Exchange, Chicago exchange, and Pacific stock exchange. Each of these clearinghouses had a distinct focus.

For example, the Pacific Exchange was known as a derivatives market, while the Philadelphia Stock Exchange was known for trading currency. The NASDAQ acquired the Philadelphia and Boston exchanges, while the NYSE procured the Pacific Exchange, ending their time as independent entities. In 2018, the NYSE reached an agreement to purchase the Chicago Exchange.

Regional exchanges currently registered with the SEC include:

• BOX Options Exchange LLC
• Cboe BYX Exchange, Inc.
• Cboe BZX Exchange, Inc.
• Cboe C2 Exchange, Inc.
• Cboe EDGA Exchange, Inc.
• Cboe EDGX Exchange, Inc.
• Cboe Exchange, Inc.
• Chicago Stock Exchange, Inc.
• The Investors Exchange LLC
• Miami International Securities Exchange
• MIAX PEARL, LLC

Major stock exchanges in India

There are two major types of Stock Exchanges in India, namely the –

Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE): This particular stock exchange was established in 1875 in Mumbai at Dalal Street. It renowned as the oldest stock exchange not just in Asia and is the ‘World’s 10th largest Stock Exchange’.

The estimated market capitalisation of Bombay Stock Exchange as of April stands at $ 4.9 Trillion and has around 6000 companies publicly listed under it. The performance of BSE is measured by the Sensex, and it reached its all-time high in June in 2019, when it touched 40312.07.

National Stock Exchange (NSE): The NSE was established in 1992 in Mumbai and is accredited as the pioneer among the demutualised electronic stock exchange markets in India. This stock exchange market was established with the objective to eliminate the monopolistic impact of the Bombay Stock exchange in the Indian stock market.

The estimated market capitalisation of National Stock Exchange as of March 2016 was US$ 4.1 trillion and was acclaimed as the 12th largest stock exchange in the world. NIFTY 50 is NSE’s index, and it is extensively used by investors across the globe to gauge the performance of the Indian capital market.

Here is a list of stock exchanges in India 

Being a vital part of the Indian stock market, a stock exchange in India tends to influence the country’s financial sector to a great extent. Their collective performances happen to be a deciding factor of economic growth.

Also, all major types of stock exchanges are closely integrated with each other; if one major stock exchange falls, it will have a ripple effect on all other major exchanges across the globe.

For example, if the index of Bombay Stock Exchange falls, its effect will be felt across stock exchanges like New York Stock Exchange, Tokyo Stock Exchange, Shanghai Stock Exchange, etc. as well.

References

• Buck, James E. The New York Stock Exchange: The First 200 Years. Greenwich Pub. Group, 1992. ISBN 0944641024.
• Fraser, Steve. Every Man a Speculator: A History of Wall Street in American Life. Harper Perennial, 2006. ISBN 006662049X.
• Geisst, Charles R. Wall Street: A History — From its Beginnings to the Fall of Enron. Oxford University Press, 2004. ISBN 0195170601.
• Kent, Zachary. The Story of the New York Stock Exchange. Scholastic Library Pub., 1990. ISBN 0516047485.
• Sloane, Leonard. The Anatomy of the Floor. Doubleday, 1980. ISBN 0385122497.
• Sobel, Robert. N.Y.S.E.: A History of the New York Stock Exchange, 1935-1975. Weybright and Talley, 1975. ISBN 0679401245.

Notes

1. ↑ National Park Service, New York Stock Exchange, National Historic Landmark summary listing, September 17, 2007. Retrieved February 4, 2009.
2. NYSE, The New York Stock Exchange Building, NYSE Euronext. Retrieved February 4, 2009.
3. NYSE, The Bell, NYSE Euronext. Retrieved February 4, 2009.
4. Timeline: 1860-1899, NYSE Euronext. Retrieved February 4, 2009.
5. NYSE, Timeline 1940-1959, NYSE Euronext. Retrieved February 4, 2009.
6. ↑ NYSE, Timeline 1960-1079, NYSE Euronext. Retrieved February 4, 2009.
7. NYSE, Timeline 1980-1999, NYSE Euronext. Retrieved February 4, 2009.
8. NYSE, Timeline 2000-Today, NYSE Euronext. Retrieved February 4, 2009.
9. NYSE Euronext Completes Acquisition of American Stock Exchange, NYSE Euronext. Retrieved February 4, 2009.
10. Jim Martin, «Behind Wall Street’s ugly Monday,» Erie Times-News, GoErie.com, September 16. 2008. Retrieved February 4, 2009.
11. Vikas Bajaj, «Stocks Are Hurt by Latest Fear: Declining Prices,» New York Times, November 19, 2008. Retrieved February 4, 2009.
12. News Releases, Deutsche Boerse AG And NYSE Euronext Agree To Combine To Create The Premier Global Exchange Group NYSE Euronext (February 15, 2011). Retrieved February 17, 2011.
13. Steve Fraser, Every Man a Speculator: A History of Wall Street in American Life (Harper Perennial, 2006, ISBN 006662049X).

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